Preface vii
Introduction xi
Statement on Standards for Consulting Services xx
Discussion Points xxvii
Chapter 1: F – Forgetting the Present and the Past 1
Fraud in the Present and Past 1
Management 6
External Auditors 11
Internal Auditors 17
Ethical Standards around the World 18
Audit versus Fraud Investigation 32
Summary 40
Recommendations 40
Chapter 2: R – Relying on Others 45
Introduction 45
Management 46
External Auditors 55
Internal Auditors 69
Expert Witnesses 71
Additional Considerations 74
Summary 75
Recommendations 75
Discussion Questions 76
Chapter 3: A – Accepting, Not Verifying 81
Introduction 81
Sufficient Evidential Matter 84
Management 89
External Auditors 96
Others: Expert Witnesses 100
Summary 106
Recommendations 106
Chapter 4: U – Underestimating the Effort 109
Introduction 109
External Auditors 111
Expert Witnesses, Fraud Examiners, and Consulting Experts 118
Management and Internal Audit 136
Summary 137
Recommendations 138
Chapter 5: D – Determining the Outcome Before the Work 141
Introduction 141
Objectivity 145
Objectivity in Other Areas 152
Due Professional Care and Skepticism 154
Summary 164
Recommendations 164
Chapter 6: Overcoming Barriers to Reporting Fraud and Misconduct 167
Introduction 167
Barriers 168
Summary 189
Recommendations 190
About the Author 195
Acknowledgments 197
Index 203
