List of Abbreviations
Introduction
PART I
Scanning WTO Agreements for Cumulative Disciplines and Remedies to Counter an Alleged Subsidy Granted by Another Member (The Perspective of the Accusing Member)
CHAPTER 1
Defining the Set of Measures Subject to SCM Disciplines (So-Called “Specific Subsidies”)
CHAPTER 2
Various Subtleties Relating to the Three Criteria Defining a Specific Subsidy (i.e., Financial Contribution, Benefit, and Specificity)
CHAPTER 3
Satisfying Ex Ante, the Anti-distortion “Object and Purpose” of the SCM: Determining the Subset of Subsidies Subject to per se Disciplines (So-Called “Prohibited Subsidies”)
CHAPTER 4
Alternative Remedies under the SCM Agreement for a Violation of Obligations Relating to Prohibited Subsidies
CHAPTER 5
Satisfying Ex-Post, the Anti-distortion “Object and Purpose” in the SCM: Defining the Subset of “Actionable Subsidies” Based on Their Adverse Trade Effects
CHAPTER 6
Alternative Remedies under the SCM Agreement for a Violation of Obligations Relating to Actionable Subsidies
CHAPTER 7
Recourse to Countervailing Duties (CVDs) in the Domestic Forum of the Importing Country on the Basis That the Actionable Subsidies Are
“Countervailable” and Not Because They Are Actionable
CHAPTER 8
Subtleties Relating to Actionable Subsidies
CHAPTER 9
How to Know If a Measure Is a “Subsidy” or an “Export Subsidy” under GATT 1994?
CHAPTER 10
GATT 1994 Per Se Disciplines
CHAPTER 11
GATT 1994 Effects-Based Disciplines
CHAPTER 12
Alternative Remedies under an (Unlikely) Exclusive GATT 1994 Claim Relating to a Non-agricultural Subsidy
CHAPTER 13
How a TRIMs Measure Could Involve a Subsidy
CHAPTER 14
Remedy under TRIMs for the Measure at Issue and Consequence for the Involved Subsidy
CHAPTER 15
Principal Subsidies Disciplines of the ATCA
CHAPTER 16
Remedies under the ATCA and Why the ATCA Is Not Invoked as a Basis of a Complaint About Civil Aircraft Subsidies
CHAPTER 17
What Is Behind the Expression “Export Subsidy” in the AoA?
CHAPTER 18
What Is Behind the Expression “Domestic Support” in the AoA?
CHAPTER 19
Per Se Disciplines in the Agreement on Agriculture
CHAPTER 20
GATT 1994 Disciplines Based on the Avoidance of Adverse Trade Effects
CHAPTER 21
Per Se Disciplines under Article XVI:4 of GATT 1994: A Discord Between Article XVI:4 of GATT 1994 and the AoA?
CHAPTER 22
The Appellate Body’s Clarification in US – Upland Cotton of the Meaning of the Expressions “Subject to” and “Except as Provided in the AoA”
CHAPTER 23
“EC Sugar”: Confirmation by the Appellate Body of the “Specific Provisions Dealing Specifically with the Same Matter” Doctrine
PART II
Scanning WTO Case Law for Strategies to Refute Violation of Subsidies Disciplines (The Perspective of the Accused Subsidizing Member)
CHAPTER 24
Invoking a Missing “Financial Contribution”
CHAPTER 25
The Threshold Strategy Through the Benefit Criterion (I)
CHAPTER 26
The Threshold Strategy Through the Benefit Criterion (II): “Pass-Through” of Benefit
CHAPTER 27
The Threshold Strategy Through the Contestation of the Specificity of the Measure at Issue
CHAPTER 28
Some Examples of the Threshold Strategy in the Context of a Complaint Invoking the Agreement on Agriculture
CHAPTER 29
Denying Violation of the Prohibition of “Contingency upon Export Performance”
CHAPTER 30
Denying Violation of the Prohibition of “Contingency upon the Use of Domestic over Imported Products”
CHAPTER 31
Contesting (in the CVD Context) That the Causal Link Between Subsidized Imports and Injury to A Domestic Industry Is Adequately Established
CHAPTER 32
Contesting (in a Non-CVD Context) That a Causal Relationship Has Been Demonstrated Between a Subsidy and Adverse Effects to the Interests of Other Members: The Paradox of a More Sophisticated Causality Analysis Than in a CVD Context
CHAPTER 33
Countering Successfully That There Was Not an Appropriate Matching by the CVD Authorities Between the Elements in the Numerator and The
Elements in the Denominator When Calculating the Per-unit Subsidy Ratio
CHAPTER 34
Invoking Explicit Exemptions for Developing Countries (SCM Based Complaint)
CHAPTER 35
Invoking Implicit Exemptions (SCM Based Complaint)
CHAPTER 36
Arguing Successfully in EU – PET (Pakistan) That There Is No Exception to the Excess Remissions Principle When Determining How Remissions
under Duty Drawback Schemes Are to Be Identified as Subsidies
CHAPTER 37
Invoking Unsuccessfully the Exception Strategy in the AoA: Does Article 10.2 of the AoA Exempts Agricultural Export Credits from the
Export Subsidy Disciplines of the AoA?
CHAPTER 38
Rejecting Successfully That a Certain Measure Is Not a “Measure Taken to Comply” and Therefore Does Not Fall Within Article 21.5 Proceedings: The “Inextricable Link” or “Clear Connection” Test
CHAPTER 39
Arguing Unsuccessfully That the Original Recommendations and Rulings Do Not Remain Operative Through Compliance Panels Proceedings Unless New Recommendations Are Issued by These Panels: The Case of FSC Subsidies
CHAPTER 40
Arguing Unsuccessfully That Similar Payments Made after the Original Proceedings Are Beyond the Scope of Article 21.5
CHAPTER 41
Arguing Unsuccessfully Before an Article 21.5 Panel That, When an Article Covers Multiple Obligations, the Mere Listing of This Article in the Panel Request Is Sufficient for the Panel Request to Cover All These Obligations
CHAPTER 42
Attempting Unsuccessfully to Introduce in Compliance Proceedings a New Claim Relating to Unchanged Aspects of the Original Measure
CHAPTER 43
Arguing Successfully That If the Underlying Subsidy Has Ceased to Exist (And Therefore Has Been “Withdrawn” in a Passive Way), There Is No
Additional Requirement, under Article 7.8 of the SCM, to Remove Any Lingering Effects That May Flow from That Subsidy
PART III
Scanning Pending Legal Issues in the Context of Present Norms
CHAPTER 44
Confirming a Narrow Interpretation of the Concept of “Price or Income Support”
CHAPTER 45
GATT Article XX Exceptions Carried Forward to Violations of the SCM and the AoA?
CHAPTER 46
Double Counting Hypothesis for Non-market Economies: Recent Recognition by the Appellate Body of Its Possibility When Concurrent Countervailing Duties and Antidumping Duties Are Levied (The Case of Domestic Subsidies)
CHAPTER 47
Confirming the Prospective Nature of WTO Remedies
CHAPTER 48
Calculating the Ratio of Per Unit Subsidization in CVD Proceedings: Could the Denominator Include the Subsidy Recipient’s Production
Overseas? The US Washing Machines Jurisprudence
CHAPTER 49
Dual Pricing (Gas, Oil, Etc.): Not a Challengeable Subsidy Because the Specificity Criterion Is Probably Not Satisfied
CHAPTER 50
Final Clarification on Why Article III:8(b) of GATT 1994 Does Not Shield Discriminatory Internal Taxes on Imported Products from the National
Treatment Disciplines of Article III of GATT 1994
CHAPTER 51
Is an Undervalued Exchange Rate System a De Facto Export Subsidy?
CHAPTER 52
Open Legal Questions Relating to Fisheries Subsidies under Present Norms
CHAPTER 53
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
CHAPTER 54
The Adequate Legal Approach to “Transnational Subsidies” (Also Called “Extended Subsidies”)
CHAPTER 55
Fisheries Subsidies in the New Draft SCM: At Last a Recognition of the Concept of Environmentally Harmful Subsidies?
CHAPTER 56
The Paradox of the Absence of Complaints in the WTO Against Measures Taken in Export Processing Zones, Special Industrial Zones, or Free Trade Zones
CHAPTER 57
Would the US “Destination-Based Cash-Flow Tax” Be WTO Consistent?
CHAPTER 58
Is a Carbon Tax Eligible to BTA?
Annex I
CHAPTER 59
In Connection with the Panel Request
CHAPTER 60
In Relation with Collection of Information
CHAPTER 61
Attempting Unsuccessfully to Produce Evidence Based on the Practice of Other Members
CHAPTER 62
Arguing Successfully That the Fact, That a Measure Induces the Exercise of Rights That Are WTO Consistent, Is Not a Valid Consideration in Deciding Whether Such Measure Is a Specific Action “Against” a Subsidy under Article 32.1 of the SCM
CHAPTER 63
Arguing Successfully That the SCM Leaves to Individual Members How to Determine in Their Internal Regime What Constitutes the Date of Initiation of a CVD Investigation
CHAPTER 64
Arguing Unsuccessfully There Is a Requirement in Article 13.1 of the SCM to Allow Sufficient Time for Consultations to Be Held Before Initiation of
the Investigation
CHAPTER 65
Invoking Successfully That a System of Limited Disclosure Provides a Derogation from, or Replaces, the Obligations of an Investigating Authority
under (This) Article to Require Justification for Treatment of Information as Confidential and, If Such Treatment Is Justified, to Require Non-confidential Summaries of the Confidential Information, or, Alternatively, to Require Justification for the Non-summarization of Certain Information (Article 12.4.1 of the SCM)
CHAPTER 66
Invoking the Failure by the Investigative Authorities to Inform the Interested Members and Interested Parties of the “Essential Facts under Consideration Which Form the Basis for the Decision Whether to Apply Definitive Measures”
CHAPTER 67
Arguing Unsuccessfully That an Enterprise or Group of Enterprises (Fortuny in This Case) May Not Be Considered to Constitute a Domestic
Industry If, at the Time the Application Is Filed or During the Subsidy POI, It or They Were Not Actually Producing Output
CHAPTER 68
Contesting Unsuccessfully the CVD Application Is “by or on Behalf of the Domestic Industry,” Namely That Economía’s Examination of the Degree of Support for the Application Was Inadequate
CHAPTER 69
Invoking Successfully a Bad Selection of the Injury Period of Analysis in the CVD Context
CHAPTER 70
Arguing Successfully That the Panel Failed to Apply the Proper Standard of Review
CHAPTER 71
Claiming Unsuccessfully That a Panel Is Justified to Exclude During Its Proceedings Evidence That, Although Contained in the Record of the CVD
Investigation, Had Not Been Cited in the CVD’s Decision
CHAPTER 72
Issues Relating to the Use of Adverse Facts Available
CHAPTER 73
Claiming Unsuccessfully That the Investigative Authorities Should Have Made a Factual Inference from Evidence on the Record That Would Not
Reasonably Have Suggested Such an Inference
CHAPTER 74
Arguing Successfully That the Panel Did Not Use the Expression “Probative and Compelling” in the Sense of a New Evidentiary Standard for Examining Evidence on the Record of a CVD Investigative Authority
CHAPTER 75
Failing to Counter US’ Allegation That the Panel Appeared Not to Have Considered Seriously Any Evidence That Did Not Amount to a “Smoking
Gun” (for Showing Entrustment or Direction)
CHAPTER 76
Arguing Successfully That in the Case of Non-recurring Subsidies, If the POI Used for Determining the Existence of a Subsidy Indicates That the
Subsidy Benefit Will No Longer Exist at a Future Time When a CVD Is Imposed, Then This CVD Is Inconsistent with the SCM
CHAPTER 77
Requesting Successfully That the Panel Make Findings Regarding Expired Measures Which Ceased to Have Legal Effect
CHAPTER 78
Arguing Successfully That the Investigative Authorities Failed to Provide the “Results” of a Verification Visit in Violation of Article 12.6 of the SCM
ANNEX II
WTO Dispute Settlement Reports and Arbitration Awards as at 1 March 2019
Index
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