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Responsibility and Accountability in Maritime Law: Criminalisation of the Ship’s Master

Responsibility and Accountability in Maritime Law: Criminalisation of the Ship’s Master

  • 作者:
  • 出版商: Informa Publishing
  • ISBN: 9781032211190
  • 出版时间 April 2022
  • 规格: Hardback
  • 适应领域: International ? 免责申明:
    Countri(es) stated herein are used as reference only

List Price: ¥1,743.75

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  • 描述 
  • 大纲 
  • 详细

    The criminalisation of seafarers has been observed as a growing phenomenon for more than forty years, presenting a picture of increasing liability upon the Master even though their responsibilities remain essentially unchanged in generations of maritime law. Because of the demand by society to find someone to blame for environmental and human loss, there is a constant flow of cases, which serve to confirm the phenomenon but offer no solutions to defend the innocent. The structure of the maritime environment in which they work has changed dramatically, as evidenced by the complex evolution of fleet ownership and management, leaving the Master with diminished management influence. This book has been written in a format which meets the needs of lawyers, academics and maritime professionals, with the aim to analyse the character of criminalisation to determine the features which characterise the phenomenon in Port and Flag State contexts; it interrogates the aim to define the nature of criminalisation, identifies the constituent problems in such criminal accountability.

    Each chapter relies heavily on case studies to illustrate how the laws which reflect national policy underpinning those priorities are applied in practice. This structure enables an understanding the problems in the criminal process, with a view to offering options for solutions. The book is directly relevant to a broad range of parties that includes lawyers, academics, P & I clubs, seafarers, shipowners, managers and agents, and national and international seafaring unions.

  • INTRODUCTION
    Justice or Criminalisation?
    1. WHAT IS A CRIME?
    The essence of criminal accountability
    Prosecutions and the Master’s Human Rights
    2. SOURCES OF LAW
    State sovereignty
    Sovereignty and Maritime Conventions
    The case of the Arctic Sunrise
    The enforcement of Conventions in domestic law
    The case of the Gladys Bowater
    The case of Gandara v Bennett. Gladys Bowater confirmed
    Interpreting clear statements in Port State laws
    The case of Spector v Norwegian Cruise Line
    Tensions between Sources of Laws
    The case of Captain Mangouras of the Prestige
    3. THE MASTER AND THE SHIP
    Who is the Master?
    The Master’s Overriding Duty
    The case of R v Juanga
    The Master’s responsibility for safe navigation
    Safe navigation of what? Trouble with English law
    The case of R v Goodwin
    Assistance from overseas jurisdictions
    4. THE RISK BUSINESS
    The Master and their accountability
    The Smyrna and the Moto
    Business and Law
    The Business of the Owner
    The financial magnitude of the risk
    Any way to make a profit
    The Master-Owner relationship
    The case of the Sussex Oak
    The case of the Tasman Pioneer
    The Impact of Statute Law on the relationship between the Master and the owner
    The case of Captain Schettino of the Costa Concordia
    5. PORT STATE SOVEREIGNTY - WHAT COULD POSSIBLY GO WRONG?
    Port State jurisdiction
    The case of Captain Laptalo of the Coral Sea
    Strict Liability – its use and abuse
    The case of Captain Schröder of the Zim Mexico III
    The case of Captain Chawla of the Hebei Spirit
    China’s emergence on the maritime stage
    The case of the Kota Nebula
    6. MANAGEMENT CONTROL BY THE FLAG STATE
    The Flag State and UNCLOS
    The case of the Mavi Marmara
    The Flag State and the Master’s accountability
    The case that will not go away: Regina v Dudley and Stephens
    The Master’s management of the Flag State’s Human Rights
    The case of Hook v Cunard
    The rôle of flags of convenience
    7. CRIMINAL ACCOUNTABILITY FOR NEGLIGENCE
    The evolution of negligence in maritime law
    The case of Donoghue v Stevenson
    What is criminal negligence?
    What is the gross negligence element?
    The case of the Seistan
    The Gulf between Civil and Criminal Accountability
    Neither one thing nor the other
    The case of Michael Hubble of the Pride of Bilbao
    Conclusions?
    8. CRIMINALISATION AND SEAFARERS’ RIGHTS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
    Rights and responsibilities
    Human Rights Protection
    What is a crime under the Maritime Labour Convention?
    The case of Wilson v Secretary of State for Transport
    The Case of the Wakashio. A step-by-step study of Port State Justice and the consequences on Human Rights
    Criminalisation of the Master and Human Rights: A Solution?
    9. INVESTIGATIONS, EVIDENCE AND SELF-INCRIMINATION
    What is the purpose of an investigation?
    The case of Hoyle v Rogers
    Captain Wolfgang Schröder again
    Gathering evidence and record-keeping
    What is evidence for legal purposes?
    When is evidence unnecessary?
    Presenting evidence to the Court
    The evaluation of evidence
    So, what must the evidence establish?
    Insufficiency of evidence – no case to answer
    In the wake of the Herald: the Marchioness
    Attributing responsibility and blame: comparing shipping and aviation
    The case of the Schiphol prosecution
    A Just Culture
    10. THE FOUNDATIONS OF SENTENCING: CULPABILITY AND HARM
    Sentencing Guidelines
    Culpability
    Harm
    Crime and Punishment
    The case of Captain Hoyt of the Azura
    Sentencing in practice: the Herald of Free Enterprise
    11. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
    Trouble in the Gulf
    Metamorphosis of maritime risk
    The Master’s risk management
    A solution: Mediation?
    Piracy and the Master
    Flag State Protection? How the Flag State sees it
    The case of the Enrica Lexie
    The unacceptable risk of liability for armed guards
    Summing up the risk
    Problems and solutions: the story of Captain Stapleton of the Teignbank
    12. COMPULSORY PILOTAGE: WHO TAKES THE BLAME?
    The modern law of Compulsory Pilotage
    The case of the Sea Empress
    The case of the Cosco Busan
    13. POLAR RISKS
    Taking UNCLOS to the High Arctic
    The case of Captain Hazelwood of the Exxon Valdez
    The greatest risk: criminalisation for environmental damage
    The elements of the duty of care in the High Arctic
    The Xuelong and the Shokalskiy
    The Russians are coming
    The Master’s accountability – summing up
    14. AUTONOMOUS SHIPS
    The emerging technology
    What is Autonomy?
    State responsibilities for ships and the tensions that arise
    The Master’s responsibility for the autonomous ship
    Risk management and responsibility
    The dangerously unsafe ship
    Pilotage
    The safe navigational watch
    The Master’s discretion and the safe port
    Remote management of an emergency
    Summing up – applying criminalisation to autonomous ships

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