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Regional Cooperation in Amazonia: A Comparative Environmental Law Analysis

Regional Cooperation in Amazonia: A Comparative Environmental Law Analysis

  • 作者:
  • 出版商: Brill Nijhoff
  • ISBN: 9789004313491
  • 出版时间 September 2017
  • 规格: Hardback
  • 适应领域: Netherlands ? 免责申明:
    Countri(es) stated herein are used as reference only
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  • 描述 
  • 大纲 
  • 详细

    In Regional Cooperation in Amazonia: A Comparative Environmental Law Analysis, Maria Antonia Tigre provides a broad overview of the international, regional and national law applied to the Amazon rainforest and investigates efforts at regional cooperation for the protection of the Amazonian ecosystem. For the last four decades, cooperation among the eight countries in which the rainforest lies was primarily induced by the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT). Originally adopted to ensure national sovereignty, the ACT gradually evolved toward a framework for sustainable development.

    Based on the challenges faced by the treaty and its subsequent instruments, Maria Antonia Tigre analyzes ways in which the ACT can be more effectively applied, leading to practical results that reduce deforestation. These specifically relate to the enforceability of the right to the environment, the implementation of protected areas, and the development of financial mechanisms to fund initiatives.

  • Preface
    Acknowledgments
    List of Illustrations
    Abbreviations and Acronyms
    1.
    Introduction
    1.1 Geography of Amazonia
    1.2 How to Define Amazonia
    1.3 About This Book
    2.
    History of Amazonia and Amazonian Deforestation
    2.1 Occupation before Colonization
    2.2 European Colonization
    2.3 Independence
    2.4 Military Regimes and Amazonian Occupation to Protect Borders
    2.5 Reestablished Democracies
    2.6 Conclusion
    3.
    Threats to the Amazon Rainforest: Deforestation and Climate Change
    3.1 Deforestation
    3.2 Causes of Deforestation
    3.3 Climate Change and Amazonia
    3.4 Emissions in Amazonia
    3.5 Conclusion
    4.
    Early forms of Regional Cooperation: From Bilateral Agreements to Regional Integration
    4.1 International Boundaries, Free Navigation, and Border Security
    4.2 Environmental Agenda at the Global Level
    4.3 Bilateral Agreements and the Idea for Binational Parks
    4.4 Foundations of Regional Cooperation
    4.5 Negotiations for an Amazon Club
    4.6 Conclusion
    5.
    First Period of Cooperation Within the act’s Framework (1978–1989): The Defensive-Protectionist Phase
    5.1 Principles of the Act
    5.2 Territorial Scope of the Act
    5.3 Duration, Reservation and Dispute Resolution
    5.4 Member Countries’ Rights
    5.5 Member Countries’ Duties
    5.6 Ratification
    5.7 Institutional Structure of the act
    5.8 Initial Development of Cooperation
    5.9 Developments in International Forest Law
    5.10 Conclusion
    6.
    Second Period of Cooperation within the act’s Framework (1989–1994): Boost and Political Strengthening
    6.1 1989 Manaus Declaration
    6.2 1992 Manaus Declaration
    6.3 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (unced), Rio de Janeiro
    6.4 Forest Certification
    6.5 Institutional Development
    6.6 Conclusion
    7.
    Third Period of Cooperation within the act’s Framework (1995–2002): Institutional Maturity
    7.1 Institutional Development
    7.2 The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
    7.3 Financial Mechanism and External Assistance
    7.4 Environmental Agenda
    7.5 Developments in International Forest Law
    7.6 Conclusion
    8.
    Fourth Period of Cooperation Within the act’s Framework (2002–2009): Institutional Visibility
    8.1 Institutional Development
    8.2 The 2004–2012 Strategic Plan
    8.3 Implementation of the Strategic Agenda
    8.4 Institutional Crisis
    8.5 Environmental Agenda
    8.6 Developments in International Forest Law
    8.7 Conclusion
    9.
    Fifth Period of Cooperation within the act’s Framework (2009–2017): Revitalizing the acto
    9.1 Relaunch of the acto
    9.2 Strategic Agenda of Amazon Cooperation (aeca)
    9.3 Implementation of the Strategic Agenda
    9.4 Environmental Agenda
    9.5 Developments in International Forest Law
    9.6 Conclusion
    10.
    Critical Analysis of the act/acto
    10.1 Should Forests be Regulated at the Regional Level? An Analysis of Forest Regulation at the Global, Regional, and National Levels
    10.2 Is the acto the Appropriate Forum
    10.3 How Can the acto Achieve Tangible Results
    10.4 Experience from Brazil
    10.5 Conclusion
    11.
    Environmental Protection
    11.1 Gaps in Regional Cooperation
    11.2 Substantive Right to the Environment
    11.3 Individual Duty to Protect the Environment
    11.4 State’s Duty to Protect the Environment
    11.5 Balance between Economic Development and Environmental Protection
    11.6 Constitutional Protection of the Amazon Rainforest
    11.7 Conclusion
    12.
    Protected Areas
    12.1 Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories in Amazon Countries
    12.2 Deforestation in Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories
    12.3 The Case for a Regional Effort for Protected Areas
    12.4 Existing Regional Approaches for Protected Areas
    12.5 Brazil’s Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (Arpa)
    12.6 Transboundary Protected Areas (tba)
    12.7 Privately Protected Areas
    12.8 Conclusion
    13.
    Financial Mechanisms
    13.1 Colombia’s Amazon Vision
    13.2 Brazil’s Amazon Fund
    13.3 Guyana-Norway Partnership
    13.4 Ecuador’s Yasuní-itt Initiative
    13.5 Socio Bosque Program in Ecuador
    13.6 Conclusion
    14.
    Stakeholders in Amazonia
    14.1 Relevance of Stakeholders
    14.2 Environmental Institutions in Amazon Countries
    14.3 Amazonian Research Institutions
    14.4 National Institutions Participating in Regional Cooperation
    14.5 Participation of Third Parties and the Role of Multiple Stakeholders
    14.6 Conclusion
    Appendices
    Appendix 1: Amazon Cooperation Treaty
    Appendix 2: Protocol of Amendment of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty
    appendix 3: Declarations of Presidents of Amazon Countries
    Bibliography
    Index

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