Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East, 2nd Edition

Algeria

Introduction                                                            

Foreign Investment Regulation                                            

Foreign Companies' Representation                                         

Commercial Companies Law                                              

Companies Tax System      

Non-Resident Exchange Regulation  

Employment Law                                                                                              

Banking and Stock Exchange Market System                              

Bahrain

Introduction                                                           

Favorable Political and Economic Climate                                    

Legal System and Governing Laws                                          

Forms of Business Organizations                                           

Areas Open for Foreign Participation                                        

Commercial Establishments                                               

Labor Laws and Immigration Rules                                         

Taxation and Custom Duty Aspects                                        

Egypt 

Introduction  

Direct Investment in Egypt     

Taxation                                                    

Iran

Introduction

Iranian Code of Commerce

Establishment of Enterprises

Acquisition of Enterprises

Acquisition of Realty by Foreign Nationals

Taxation

Arbitration

Custom Regulations

Free Trade and Special Economic Zones

Foreign Investment, Importation, and Transfer of Foreign Capital

Intellectual Property

Employment Law

Banking Law

Establishment of Foreign Banks

Anti-Money Laundering

Republic of Iraq

Introduction                                                          

Court System and Litigation                                              

Internal Legal Aspects of Business                                         

Legal Basis of Commerce                                                

Legal Organization of Companies and Foreign Companies Branches               

Commercial Agencies                                                  

Construction Contracts                                                  

Customs Regulation                                                    

Income Tax                                                           

Lease Contracts                                                       

Israel

Introduction                                                          

Form of Registration Requirements of Enterprises                             

Business, Work, and Residence Permits                                     

Foreign Trade, Customs, Currency Exchange, Foreign Ownership, and Banking      

Labor Aspects                                                         

Tax Aspects                                                          

Investment Incentives                                                   

General Information                                                    

Appendix                                                     

Jordan

Introduction                                                          

Contract Principles   

Exchange Controls

Encouragement of Investment

Taxation                                                             

Customs Duties                                                       

Company Law                                                        

Labor and Social Security Laws    

Banks                                                                                                           

Trademarks and Patents                                                 

Lebanon

Introduction

Establishment of Enterprises

Arbitration                                           

Acquisition of Reality by Foreign Nationals

Taxation                                                             

Customs Regulation                                                    

Currency Regulation, Capital and Money Transfer, Investment Incentives           

Competition Law and Commercial Representation

Intellectual Property    

Consumer Protection                                     

Employment Law                                                      

Banking Law

Petroleum Law

Oman

Introduction                                                          

Legal System                                                         

Foreign Business Interests                                               

Establishment and Registration Formalities

Other Relevant Legislation and Regulations                                  

Trademarks and Intellectual Property Rights                                 

Immigration                                                          

Insurance                                                            

Taxation

Oman-United States of America Free Trade Agreement

Qatar

Introduction                                                          

Political, Social, and Economic Climate for Foreign Investment

Legal System

Establishing Business Presence

Acquisition of Realty

Tax Regulations

Regulation of Specific Business Activities

Competition Law

Intellectual Property Protection

Employment Law

Customs, Foreign Trade, and Currency Exchange

Environmental Regulations
                                                             

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Political, Social and Economic Climate                                     

Political and Legal System                                               

Business Presence                                                     

Limited Partnership

Intellectual and Industrial Property Trademarks                               

Government Contracts                                                  

Labor                                                               

Tax

Environment Allow                                                    

Other Reform Proposals                                                 

Concluding Reflections

Appendix A

Appendix B

Syria

Freedom Granted to Foreigners in Trade and Industry                          

Investment of Capital and Guarantees                                       

Tax Rates on Industrial, Commercial, and Non-Commercial Profits                

Tunisia

Introduction      

Economic Environment                                                                                    

Investment Issues                                                      

Environment                                                          

Monopolies and Competition  

Acquisitions and Mergers                                                                                               

Labor Regulations                                                     

Restrictions on Foreign Investment  

Conclusion

Turkey

Introduction                                                          

Establishment of Enterprises

Acquisition of Enterprises

Acquisition of Real Estate

Taxation

Customs Regulation

Currency Regulation, Capital and Profit Transfer, and Investment Incentives

Competition Law

Intellectual Property

Employment Law

Banking Sector

United Arab Emirates

Introduction                            

Political, Social, and Economic Climate for Foreign Business   

Legal System         

Forms of Doing Business  

Free Zones   

Licensing of Businesses by the Emirates

Labor and Immigration Regulations             

Regulation of Certain Business Activities                                    

Taxation

Customs, Foreign Trade, and Currency Exchange   

Real Estate    

Arab Gulf Cooperaton Council

Conclusion

About the Editor:
Christian Campbell is a Member British Institute of International and Comparative Law (2007-). Admitted to New York State Bar (1992). LL.M. 1988 McGeorge School of Law (1987-88), Sacramento, California. LL.B. 1987 University of Edinburgh (1984-87), Scotland. B.A. Studies (Political Science) University of the Pacific (1982-84), Stockton, California. Reifezeugnis (Austrian Secondary School Leaving Certificate) 1982, Bundesrealgymnasium (1977-82), Salzburg, Austria. Founder and Co-Director 2007- FDI Moot, Law Student Competition for Investor-State Arbitration (www.fdimoot.org). Adjunct Professor of Law 2003- Juris Doctorate Program, Suffolk University Law School, Boston, Mass.

About the General Editor:
Professor Dennis Campbell is the Director of the Center for International Legal Studies (CILS) in Salzburg, Austria, and teaches as an adjunct Professor at Suffolk University Law School. He is the former Director of International Programs and Professor of Law at University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law. He has lectured at Stockholm University, Helsinki University, Salzburg University, National University of Taiwan, Warsaw University, and Jagiellonian University. He is a member of the New York State Bar and the Iowa State Bar and is a former Assistant Secretary of the California State Senate.
The Center for International Legal Studies promotes the dissemination of information among members of the international legal community, through research and publication projects, post-graduate and professional training programs, and academic seminars, professional symposia and continuing legal education conferences. Nearly 5,000 lawyers worldwide have been designated as Fellows of the CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES in recognition of their contributions to its programs. The Center provides observers on a regular basis at meetings of UNCITRAL and its Working Groups in Vienna and New York.

About the Contributors:

Mamoun Aidoud, Aidoud Law Office  (Algeria)
Hassan Ali Radhi, Hassan Radhi & Associates (Bahrain)
Khaled El Shalakany, Shalakany Law Office (Egypt)
Mehrnaz Mehrabi, International Law Office of Mehrnaz Mehrabi and Associates (Iran)
Basil Yousif, Advocate (Republic of Iraq)
George A Rosenberg, Rosenberg, Keren-Polak & Co (Israel)
Issa M Dallal, Dallal & Associates (Jordan)
Mohamed Y Alem, Alem & Associates, Barristers & Solicitors (Lebanon)
Majid Al Toky and Christopher Knight, Trowers & Hamlins (Oman)
Mohammed Riaz and Salman Mahmood, Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners (Qatar)
Ronald E Pump, Johnson & Pump and Christopher H Johnson, The Law Firm of Mohamed Al-Sharif (Saudi Arabia)
Nazir Sinan (Syria)
Adly Bellagha, Avocat à la Cour de Cassation (Tunisia)
Ziya Akinci, Akinci Law Office (Turkey)
Charles S Laubach, Afridi & Angell (United Arab Emirates)