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Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty 2nd ed

Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty 2nd ed

  • 作者:
  • 出版商: Edward Elgar Publishing
  • ISBN: 9781035316274
  • Previous Edition ISBN: 9781788117487
  • 出版时间 December 2023
  • 规格: Hardback
  • 适应领域: U.K. ? 免责申明:
    Countri(es) stated herein are used as reference only

List Price: ¥2,408.75

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  • 描述 
  • 大纲 
  • 详细

    This thoroughly revised edition of the Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty presents a comprehensive overview of the latest trends surrounding this important international agreement. Providing a unique, article-by-article, textual analysis, updated chapters cover the full breadth of topics and developments of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), situated in the broader context of international economic law and governance. This edition also offers detailed coverage of the modernization process of the ECT, and carefully analyses important criticisms of the instrument.

    The ECT outlines a multilateral framework for cross-border cooperation in the energy sector based on the principles of open competitive markets and sustainable development. Expert contributors provide commentary and analysis on the five primary areas of the ECT: investment promotion and protection, trade, transit, environmental protection, and dispute settlement. The optional protocols are also addressed, including issues such as energy efficiency and the environment.

    Key Features:

    • Comprehensive, article-by-article analysis of the ECT
    • Contributions by 25 leading academics and practitioners in the field
    • Updated coverage of the recent modernization process of the ECT, and
    • Thorough examination of key trends and important criticisms of the ECT

    Refreshed and revised, this new edition will be an indispensable reference point for academics, students, lawyers, economists, and policymakers working in energy law and policy.

  • INTRODUCTION 1
    Rafael Leal-Arcas, Alanoud Alkhorayef, Moudhi Al Shehail and Loloah Al Sheikh

    AN ENERGY CHARTER TREATY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY 4
    1. Criticisms of the Energy Charter Treaty 4
    Restriction on the governments’ ability to regulate or restrict the use of fossil fuels 5
    Environmental concerns 5
    Sovereignty concerns 6
    Transparency 6
    The ECT is outdated 7
    2. The modernization process 7
    Investment protection 8
    Trade 9
    Transit 10
    Energy efficiency 11
    3. Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism 11
    CONCLUSION 14
    STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 16
    PREAMBLE 17
    Antonio Morelli
    COMMENTARY 18

    PART I. DEFINITION AND PURPOSE
    ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS 24
    Dylan Geraets and Leonie Reins
    COMMENTARY 26
    Introduction 26
    A. Part I: Definitions and purpose 27
    ARTICLE 2 PURPOSE OF THE TREATY 59
    Leonie Reins
    COMMENTARY 59
    A. ‘In accordance with the objectives and principles of the Charter’ 60
    B. ‘Complementarities and mutual benefits’ 64
    C. ‘Long-term cooperation in the energy field’ 64
    D. ‘A legal framework’ 66
    E. Modernisation of the ECT

    PART II. COMMERCE
    ARTICLE 3 INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 70
    Lisa M. Richman
    COMMENTARY 70
    A. Introduction 70
    B. ‘An open and competitive market’ 71
    C. ‘Energy Materials and Products and Energy-Related Equipment’ 72
    ARTICLE 4 NON-DEROGATION FROM WTO AGREEMENT 75
    Lisa M. Richman
    COMMENTARY 75
    A. Introduction 75
    B. The non-derogating provision 77
    ARTICLE 5 TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES 82
    Lisa M. Richman
    COMMENTARY 84
    A. Introduction 84
    B. Trade-related investment measures: basic elements and the WTO approach 85
    C. Article 5 on TRIMs, a provision-by-provision analysis 87
    D. The Australian Declaration: exceptions and jurisdictional issues 94
    ARTICLE 6 COMPETITION 98
    Aubin Nzaou-Kongo
    COMMENTARY 99
    A. Introduction 99
    B. The obligation of alleviation – Article 6(1) 101
    C. Enforcement of competition provisions by the Contracting Parties – Article 6(2) 103
    D. Obligation of cooperation between Contracting Parties and between national
    competition authorities – Article 6(3), (4) and (6) 104
    E. Infringement, cooperation and dispute resolution – Article 6(5) and (7) 104
    F. Conclusion 105
    ARTICLE 7 TRANSIT 106
    Cătălin Gabriel Stănescu
    COMMENTARY 108
    ARTICLE 8 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY 123
    Aubin Nzaou-Kongo
    COMMENTARY 123
    A. Introduction 123
    B. Transfer of technology 125
    C. Context of Article 8 126
    D. Non-discriminatory access to and transfer of energy technologies 130
    E. Removing barriers to technology transfer 136
    F. Conclusions 139
    ARTICLE 9 ACCESS TO CAPITAL 140
    Aubin Nzaou-Kongo
    COMMENTARY 141
    A. Introduction 141
    B. Context of ECT Article 9 142
    C. Promoting access to capital markets 149
    D. Access to funds for trade or foreign investments 153
    E. Implementation of economic programs in the energy industry Activity in the
    Energy Sector 153
    F. Surviving prudential regulations: ‘Nothing in this Article shall prevent […]’ clause 154
    G. Conclusions 155

    PART III. INVESTMENT PROMOTION AND PROTECTION
    ARTICLE 10 PROMOTION, PROTECTION AND TREATMENT OF INVESTMENTS 157
    Diego Mej.a-Lemos
    COMMENTARY 159
    A. Part III 162
    B. Article 10 181
    ARTICLE 11 KEY PERSONNEL 220
    Diego Mej.a-Lemos
    COMMENTARY 220
    ARTICLE 12 COMPENSATION FOR LOSSES 224
    Diego Mej.a-Lemos
    COMMENTARY 224
    ARTICLE 13 EXPROPRIATION 226
    Diego Mej.a-Lemos
    COMMENTARY 227
    ARTICLE 14 TRANSFERS RELATED TO INVESTMENTS 248
    Francesco Montanaro and Tanya Shaar
    COMMENTARY 249
    A. Introduction 249
    B. The monetary transfer clause in the Energy Charter Treaty in light of the investment
    treaty practice 251
    ARTICLE 15 SUBROGATION 256
    Apurva Mudliar and Tanya Shaar
    COMMENTARY 256
    ARTICLE 16 RELATION TO OTHER AGREEMENTS 259
    Vishakha Joshi and Francesco Montanaro
    COMMENTARY 259
    A. Introduction 259
    B. Clauses governing conflicts with other treaties in the IIAs and in the ECT 261
    C. Dispute governing the compatibility of ECT and other IITs with EU law 262
    ARTICLE 17 NON-APPLICATION OF PART III IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES 264
    Apurva Mudliar and Vishakha Joshi
    COMMENTARY 264
    A. Introduction 264
    B. Title: Non-application of Part III in certain circumstances 265
    C. Application of Article 17(1) of the ECT 266
    D. Denial of benefits to an investment under Article 17(2) 272
    E. Conclusion 272

    PART IV. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
    ARTICLE 18 SOVEREIGNTY OVER ENERGY RESOURCES 274
    Contributions by Peter Vajda and Varvara Aleksić, and Tina Hunter
    COMMENTARY 274
    COMMENTARY 276
    ARTICLE 19 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 283
    Contributions by Peter Vajda and Varvara Aleksić, and Tina Hunter
    COMMENTARY 284
    COMMENTARY 292
    ARTICLE 20 TRANSPARENCY 294
    Gloria Alvarez
    COMMENTARY 294
    A. Structure and scope 294
    B. Notion of transparency in the ECT 295
    C. Transparency in ECT Secretariat Model Agreements 298
    ARTICLE 21 TAXATION 299
    Gloria Alvarez
    COMMENTARY 301
    A. Introduction, structure and scope 301
    B. Bona fide taxation measures according to the ECT 301
    C. Structure and the general rule on Article 21 302
    D. Exceptions to the General Rule on Article 21 303
    E. Article 21 in practice and jurisdictional issues 306
    ARTICLE 22 STATE AND PRIVILEGED ENTERPRISES 309
    Contributions by Costantino Grasso and Tina Hunter
    COMMENTARY 309
    COMMENTARY 320
    ARTICLE 23 OBSERVANCE BY SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES 322
    Contributions by Costantino Grasso and Sara Almeshari
    COMMENTARY 322
    COMMENTARY 327
    ARTICLE 24 EXCEPTIONS 333
    Contributions by Costantino Grasso and Gloria Alvarez
    COMMENTARY 334
    COMMENTARY 340
    ARTICLE 25 ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS 342
    Contributions by Costantino Grasso and Gloria Alvarez
    COMMENTARY 342
    COMMENTARY 346

    PART V. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
    ARTICLE 26 SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES BETWEEN AN INVESTOR AND A CONTRACTING PARTY 349
    Fernando Dias Sim.es
    COMMENTARY 351
    A. Article 26(1) 351
    B. Article 26(2) 355
    C. Article 26(3) 356
    D. Article 26(4) 360
    E. Article 26(5) 362
    F. Article 26(6) 363
    G. Article 26(7) 365
    H. Article 26(8) 366
    ARTICLE 27 SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES BETWEEN CONTRACTING PARTIES 368
    Crina Baltag
    COMMENTARY 369
    ARTICLE 28 EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE ECT FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES BETWEEN CONTRACTING PARTIES 378
    Crina Baltag
    COMMENTARY 378

    PART VI. TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
    ARTICLE 29 INTERIM PROVISIONS ON TRADE-RELATED MATTERS 381
    Max Baumgart
    COMMENTARY 383
    A. Introduction 383
    B. Temporal scope of application (para 1) 384
    C. Incorporation of the WTO Agreement’s rights and obligations (para 2) 384
    D. Full transparency obligation (para 3) 385
    E. Best-endeavour commitment (paras 4 and 5) 386
    F. Stand still clause (paras 6, 7 and 8) 386
    G. Dispute settlement (para 9) 387
    ARTICLE 30 DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS 388
    Silke Goldberg, Naomi Lisney and Anne Eckenroth
    COMMENTARY 388
    ARTICLE 31 ENERGY-RELATED EQUIPMENT 391
    Silke Goldberg, Naomi Lisney and Anne Eckenroth
    COMMENTARY 391
    ARTICLE 32 TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 393
    Silke Goldberg, Naomi Lisney and Anne Eckenroth
    COMMENTARY 394
    A. Review of the transitional arrangements 395
    B. The AES Corporation and Tau Power B.V. v. Republic of Kazakhstan (ICSID Case
    No. ARB/10/16) 396
    COMMENTARY ON THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY

    PART VII. STRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONS
    ARTICLE 33 ENERGY CHARTER PROTOCOLS AND DECLARATIONS 400
    Silke Goldberg, Naomi Lisney and Anne Eckenroth
    COMMENTARY 401
    A. The PEEREA 401
    B. The Transit Protocol 404
    ARTICLE 34 ENERGY CHARTER CONFERENCE 410
    Cătălin Gabriel Stănescu
    COMMENTARY 412
    A. Members and observers 412
    B. Meetings of the Charter Conference 413
    C. The powers and functions of the Charter Conference 413
    D. Subsidiary bodies 424
    E. Conclusions 426
    ARTICLE 35 SECRETARIAT 427
    Cătălin Gabriel Stănescu
    COMMENTARY 428
    A. The staff of the Secretariat 428
    B. The role and functions of the Secretariat 429
    C. The appointment of the Secretary General 435
    D. The Secretary General’s role in ECT’s Dispute Resolution Mechanisms 436
    E. Conclusions 439
    ARTICLE 36 VOTING 440
    Cătălin Gabriel Stănescu
    COMMENTARY 441
    A. Who can vote 441
    B. Exercising the right to vote – voting by correspondence 442
    C. Voting rules 443
    D. Conclusions 445
    ARTICLE 37 FUNDING PRINCIPLES 446
    Cătălin Gabriel Stănescu
    COMMENTARY 446
    A. Types of costs 446
    B. Determination of financial contributions 447
    C. Voluntary contributions 448
    D. Conclusions 449

    PART VIII. FINAL PROVISIONS
    ARTICLE 38 SIGNATURE 451
    Odysseas G. Repousis
    COMMENTARY 451
    A. Introduction 451
    B. Scope 451
    C. Eligibility and temporal issues 452
    D. State practice 452
    E. Succession cases 453
    ARTICLE 39 RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE OR APPROVAL 454
    Contributions by Odysseas G. Repousis and Dyuti Pandya
    COMMENTARY 454
    A. Introduction 454
    B. State practice 455
    COMMENTARY 455
    A. Modernisation of the Energy Charter Treaty: Article 39 455
    ARTICLE 40 APPLICATION TO TERRITORIES 456
    Contributions by Odysseas G. Repousis and Dyuti Pandya
    COMMENTARY 457
    A. Introduction 457
    B. Territories for the international relations of which a contracting party is responsible 457
    C. Territorial declarations and the ECT ‘Area’ 458
    D. Temporal issues 458
    E. State practice 459
    F. Territorial declarations and provisional application 460
    COMMENTARY 469
    A. Modernisation of the Energy Charter Treaty: Article 40 469
    ARTICLE 41 ACCESSION 471
    Contributions by Odysseas G. Repousis and Dyuti Pandya
    COMMENTARY 471
    A. Introduction 471
    B. Scope 472
    C. State practice 472
    COMMENTARY 472
    A. Modernisation of the Energy Charter Treaty: Article 41 472
    ARTICLE 42 AMENDMENTS 473
    Antonio Morelli
    COMMENTARY 473
    ARTICLE 43 ASSOCIATION AGREEMENTS 477
    Antonio Morelli
    COMMENTARY 477
    ARTICLE 44 ENTRY INTO FORCE 479
    Antonio Morelli
    COMMENTARY 479
    ARTICLE 45 PROVISIONAL APPLICATION 482
    Antonio Morelli
    COMMENTARY 484
    ARTICLE 46 RESERVATIONS 487
    Antonio Morelli
    COMMENTARY 487
    ARTICLE 47 WITHDRAWAL 489
    Antonio Morelli
    COMMENTARY 489
    ARTICLE 48 STATUS OF ANNEXES AND DECISIONS 494
    Leonardo Borlini and Marina Petri
    COMMENTARY 494
    A. Purpose and function 494
    B. Relevance of the article 495
    ARTICLE 49 DEPOSITARY 500
    Leonardo Borlini and Marina Petri
    COMMENTARY 500
    A. Purpose and function 500
    B. Content of the article 501
    ARTICLE 50 AUTHENTIC TEXTS 504
    Leonardo Borlini and Marina Petri
    COMMENTARY 504
    A. Purpose and function 504
    B. Content and interpretative implications of the article 505

    APPENDIX: GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN EURASIA AND THE ROLE OF THE ENERGY CHARTER 507
    Andrey A. Konoplyanik
    1. Three Major Components of Transit Risk in the Cross-Border Gas Value Chain
    (Konoplyanik’s ‘Pyramid of Transit Risks’) 509
    2. Soviet/Russian Gas Supplies to Europe: Transit Risks Upstream of Delivery Points 510
    3. Soviet/Russian Gas Supplies to Europe: Transit Risks Downstream of Delivery Points 512
    4. GATT/WTO vs. Energy Charter (ECT and Draft Transit Protocol) Framework 514
    5. Different Purpose of Russia and the EU on Prospective Implementation of Energy
    Charter Transit Provisions (Why the Balanced Solution on Transit Was Not Reached) 516
    6. Energy Charter: A Gradual Shift from an Instrument of Trans-Atlantic Europe Towards a Eurasian Instrument Beyond the EU? 519
    7. The Fight Against ‘Energy Poverty’ as the Main Consolidating Vehicle in Eurasia – A Trigger of ECT Re-Emergence in This Region? 522

    Index 523

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