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A Practical Guide to Construction Adjudication

A Practical Guide to Construction Adjudication

  • 作者:
  • 出版商: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN: 9781118717950
  • 出版时间 December 2015
  • 规格: Paperback , 768 pages
  • 适应领域: International ? 免责申明:
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    In the United Kingdom, adjudication is available as a right for parties to a construction contract, following the enactment of the Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act 1996. In general, within a comparatively short period of time, parties in dispute will have a decision from an adjudicator, which, except in limited circumstances, the courts will enforce. Adjudication has become the number one method of dispute resolution in the construction industry.

    The short timescale means that a party needs to know what to do, when to do it and be able to check that the other party and the adjudicator are following the right steps. A Practical Guide to Construction Adjudication gives parties the necessary information to achieve this. It provides a straightforward overview of the process and procedure of adjudication by reference to legislation and case law, augmented with practical guidance including suggestions on what to do or not to do, drafting tips and checklists. Separate chapters for Scotland and Northern Ireland identify and explain the differences in procedure and judicial interpretation between those jurisdictions and England and Wales, and further detailed explanations of the adjudication regimes in Australia, Ireland, Malaysia, New Zealand and Singapore are included. Each of the chapters on jurisdictions outside England and Wales has been written by senior experts in those jurisdictions to ensure the content is accurate and insightful.

    There are a range of helpful appendices including a bank of model form adjudication documents and tabulated detailed comparisons of the Scheme for Construction Contracts, the other major adjudication rules, the major adjudicator nominating bodies and the UK and international regimes. Readers will particularly appreciate the most comprehensive index of adjudication cases available, sorted into 260 subject headings providing immediate access to all the reported cases on any adjudication topic.

  • Foreword v

    Acknowledgements vii

    Part I The United Kingdom

    1 Introduction 3

    1.1 Overview 3

    1.2 Background to statutory adjudication in the UK 4

    1.3 Statutory adjudication regimes 5

    1.4 Use of case lawin this part 6

    2 Adjudication in a nutshell 9

    3 Deciding to adjudicate 13

    3.1 Overview 13

    3.2 Do I have a claim? 14

    3.3 Is it worth it? 15

    3.3.1 In a nutshell 15

    3.3.2 Amount in dispute 15

    3.3.3 Likely recovery 16

    3.3.4 Professional fees 16

    3.3.5 Resources 17

    3.3.6 Relationships 17

    3.4 Is adjudication the right forum? 18

    3.4.1 In a nutshell 18

    3.4.2 Advantages 18

    3.4.3 Disadvantages 21

    3.4.4 Statistics 24

    3.5 Other forms of ‘rapid’ dispute resolution 24

    3.5.1 In a nutshell 24

    3.5.2 Early neutral evaluation 24

    3.5.3 Expert determination 25

    3.5.4 Mediation 26

    3.5.5 Fast-track arbitration 27

    3.5.6 Statutory demand or winding-up petition 29

    3.5.7 Part 8 claim 29

    3.5.8 Summary judgment 29

    3.6 Adjudication on behalf of, or against, an insolvent party 30

    3.6.1 In a nutshell 30

    3.6.2 Why do it? 30

    3.6.3 Trigger for insolvency 31

    3.6.4 Liquidation 33

    3.6.5 Voluntary or compulsory administration 37

    3.6.6 Administrative receivership 38

    3.6.7 A company voluntary arrangement (CVA) 38

    3.6.8 Bankruptcy 39

    3.6.9 Individual voluntary arrangement (IVA) 39

    3.6.10 Problems enforcing the adjudicator’s decision 39

    3.7 Who to involve 40

    3.7.1 In a nutshell 40

    3.7.2 In-house lawyers 40

    3.7.3 External lawyers 41

    3.7.4 Claims consultants 41

    3.7.5 Experts 41

    3.7.6 Project team 42

    3.8 Checklist: considering whether or not to adjudicate 42

    4 Statutory adjudication 43

    4.1 Overview 43

    4.2 Old or new act 44

    4.3 Existence and terms of a contract 44

    4.3.1 In a nutshell 44

    4.3.2 Contract formation and terms 45

    4.3.3 Contract terminated 46

    4.3.4 Void or voidable contract 46

    4.3.5 Choice of terms 47

    4.3.6 Incorporation of terms 47

    4.4 Construction contract 49

    4.4.1 In a nutshell 49

    4.4.2 Carrying out, arranging, providing labour for construction operations (Act s. 104(1)) 49

    4.4.3 Consultants and advisers (Act s. 104(2)) 50

    4.4.4 Contracts of employment (Act s. 104(3)) 50

    4.4.5 Construction operations and other matters (Act s. 104(5)) 50

    4.4.6 Application of the Act to contracts (Act s. 104(6)) 51

    4.4.7 Ancillary agreements 52

    4.5 Construction operations 55

    4.5.1 In a nutshell 55

    4.5.2 Definition of construction operations (Act s. 105(1)) 55

    4.6 Excluded construction operations 58

    4.6.1 In a nutshell 58

    4.6.2 Approach to interpreting the exclusion provisions at section 105(2) of the Act 59

    4.6.3 Court’s approach to applying the exclusions at subsection 105(2) 59

    4.6.4 Drilling and extraction (Act s. 105(2)(a) and (b)) 60

    4.6.5 Assembly, installation, erection, demolition in connection with certain activities (Act s. 105(2)(c)) 60

    4.6.6 Manufacture, delivery, installation (Act s. 105(2)(d)) 62

    4.7 Excluded agreements 62

    4.7.1 In a nutshell 62

    4.7.2 Residential occupier (Act s. 106(1)(a) and (2)) 63

    4.7.3 Exclusion Order (2009 Act, s. 106A; 1996 Act, s. 106(1)(b)) 64

    4.8 Contract in writing 66

    4.8.1 In a nutshell 66

    4.8.2 2009 Act 67

    4.8.3 1996 Act only applies to agreements in writing (1996 Act s. 107(1)) 68

    4.8.4 ‘In writing’ (1996 Act s. 107(2)) 68

    4.8.5 An agreement made ‘otherwise than in writing’ (1996 Act s. 107(3)) 69

    4.8.6 An agreement ‘evidenced in writing’ (1996 Act s. 107(4)) 70

    4.8.7 ‘An exchange of written submissions in adjudication proceedings’ (1996 Act s. 107(5)) 70

    4.8.8 Scenarios 71

    4.9 Checklist: What form of adjudication am I subject to? 74

    5 Contractual and ad hoc adjudication 75

    5.1 Overview 75

    5.2 Contractual adjudication 75

    5.2.1 In a nutshell 75

    5.2.2 What is a contractual adjudication? 76

    5.2.3 Treatment of contractual adjudications by the court 77

    5.3 Ad hoc adjudication 79

    5.3.1 In a nutshell 79

    5.3.2 Ad hoc adjudication by choice 79

    5.3.3 Ad hoc jurisdiction by mistake 80

    5.3.4 Ad hoc jurisdiction on issues 82

    6 Adjudication procedure 83

    6.1 Overview 83

    6.2 Scheme 84

    6.2.1 In a nutshell 84

    6.2.2 Does the Scheme apply and the failure to comply with section 108(1)–(4) (Act s. 108(5) and 114(4)) 84

    6.2.3 Why choose the Scheme? 86

    6.2.4 Scheme variants 87

    6.3 Contractual procedures 88

    6.3.1 In a nutshell 88

    6.3.2 JCT 89

    6.3.3 ICE/ICC 90

    6.3.4 IChemE 91

    6.3.5 NEC 92

    6.3.6 TeCSA 93

    6.3.7 CIC 94

    6.3.8 CEDR Solve 95

    6.3.9 Bespoke rules 96

    6.4 Checklist:What adjudication procedure am I subject to? 96

    7 Preconditions and restrictions to statutory adjudication 97

    7.1 Overview 97

    7.2 Is there a dispute? 98

    7.2.1 In a nutshell 98

    7.2.2 Court’s approach 98

    7.2.3 A claim must have been made 99

    7.2.4 The meaning of ‘dispute’ (Act s.108(1)) 100

    7.2.5 The point at which to assess whether or not there is a dispute 102

    7.2.6 Time period following a claim until a dispute is formed 102

    7.2.7 Ambush 104

    7.2.8 Scenarios 104

    7.3 More than one dispute 108

    7.3.1 In a nutshell 108

    7.3.2 More than one dispute (Act s. 108(1)) 109

    7.3.3 The Scheme (Scheme p. 8) 111

    7.4 Substantially the same dispute (Scheme p. 9) 111

    7.4.1 In a nutshell 111

    7.4.2 Substantially the same dispute 112

    7.5 Does the dispute arise ‘under’ the contract (Act s. 108(1))? 115

    7.5.1 In a nutshell 115

    7.5.2 Meaning of ‘under’ the contract 115

    7.6 More than one contract 117

    7.6.1 In a nutshell 117

    7.6.2 More than one contract (Act s. 108(1)) 118

    7.6.3 Scheme (Scheme p. 8(2)) 119

    7.7 Commencing an adjudication ‘at any time’ 119

    7.7.1 In a nutshell 119

    7.7.2 Act (Act s. 108(2)(a)) 119

    7.7.3 Conclusivity clauses 121

    7.7.4 Statutory limitation 122

    7.7.5 Insolvent party 122

    8 Adjudication strategy 123

    8.1 Overview 123

    8.2 Commencing the adjudication process 123

    8.2.1 Choosing the right time to start 123

    8.2.2 Getting in there first 124

    8.3 More than one adjudication 125

    8.3.1 Multiple adjudications during the project 125

    8.3.2 Concurrent adjudications 125

    8.4 Choosing the dispute to refer 126

    8.4.1 Appropriate expertise 126

    8.4.2 Pecuniary and declaratory claims 127

    8.4.3 Contractual interpretation 128

    8.4.4 ‘Smash and grab’ 129

    8.4.5 ‘Cherry-picking’ 136

    8.4.6 Large-scale adjudications 137

    8.4.7 Without prejudice correspondence 139

    8.5 Deploying arguments 139

    8.5.1 Save the best until last 139

    8.5.2 Reverse ambush 140

    8.6 Assessing the other party’s willingness and ability to pay 141

    8.6.1 Securing assets before the adjudication 141

    8.6.2 Can the other party pay? 142

    8.7 Removing procedural uncertainty 142

    8.7.1 Taking a jurisdiction point early 142

    9 Initiating the adjudication 144

    9.1 Overview 144

    9.2 A precis on jurisdiction and natural justice 145

    9.3 Notice of adjudication 146

    9.3.1 In a nutshell 146

    9.3.2 The Scheme (Scheme p. 1(2) and (3)) 147

    9.3.3 Practical considerations 147

    9.4 Checklist: Before serving the notice of adjudication – referring party 151

    9.5 Checklist: On receiving the notice of adjudication – responding party 151

    9.6 Appointing the adjudicator 152

    9.6.1 In a nutshell 152

    9.6.2 Timing (Act s. 108(2)(b), Scheme p. 7) 152

    9.6.3 Appointment procedure (Scheme p. 2, 3, 5 and 6) 153

    9.6.4 Inoperable procedure or defective appointment 155

    9.6.5 Appointment by an ANB 156

    9.6.6 Choosing the right ANB where one is not specified 158

    9.6.7 Forum shopping 160

    9.6.8 Appointment of an individual named in the contract 161

    9.6.9 Nominated or appointed adjudicator too busy, unwilling or unable to act 162

    9.6.10 Natural person and no conflict of interest (Scheme, p. 4) 163

    9.6.11 Objections to the appointed adjudicator (Scheme, p. 10) 163

    9.6.12 A party’s assessment of an adjudicator’s capability 164

    9.6.13 The prospective adjudicator’s assessment of whether he should accept the appointment 166

    9.6.14 Post appointment before the dispute is referred 167

    9.6.15 Adjudicator’s agreement 167

    9.6.16 Revoking the adjudicator’s appointment (Scheme p. 11) 170

    9.7 Checklist: Appointing the adjudicator – referring party 171

    9.8 Checklist: Appointing the adjudicator – responding party 171

    9.9 Checklist: Accepting the appointment – adjudicator 172

    10 The adjudication 173

    10.1 Overview 173

    10.2 Referral notice 174

    10.2.1 In a nutshell 174

    10.2.2 Timing (Act s. 108(2)(b)) 174

    10.2.3 Scheme (Scheme p. 7) 175

    10.2.4 Practical considerations and strategy 177

    10.2.5 Actions for the adjudicator once the dispute is referred 180

    10.3 Response 181

    10.3.1 In a nutshell 181

    10.3.2 Timing 182

    10.3.3 Practical considerations and strategy 182

    10.4 Reply, rejoinder and sur-rejoinder 184

    10.4.1 In a nutshell 184

    10.4.2 Practical considerations and strategy 184

    10.4.3 Parallel correspondence 186

    10.5 Meetings 186

    10.6 Other matters 188

    10.6.1 In a nutshell 188

    10.6.2 Communicating with the other party and with the adjudicator during the adjudication 189

    10.6.3 Pressure from the parties or the adjudicator 190

    10.6.4 Set-off and abatement 191

    10.6.5 Dropping a head of claim during the adjudication 194

    10.6.6 Withdrawing from the adjudication entirely 195

    10.6.7 Privilege 195

    10.6.8 Disclosure of documents 198

    10.6.9 Settlement offers 199

    10.6.10 Staying adjudication proceedings 199

    10.6.11 Confidential nature of adjudication (Scheme p. 18) 200

    10.6.12 Service of documents and notices (Act s. 115) 200

    10.6.13 Reckoning of time (Act s. 116) 201

    10.7 Adjudicator’s powers and duties 201

    10.7.1 In a nutshell 201

    10.7.2 Duty to act impartially (Act s. 108(2)(e) and Scheme p. 12(a)) 201

    10.7.3 Power to take the initiative (Act s. 108(2)(f ) and Scheme p. 13) 202

    10.7.4 Power to make requests or directions (Scheme p. 14 and 15) 204

    10.7.5 Power to seek assistance (Act s. 108(2)(f ) and Scheme p. 13(f )) 205

    10.7.6 Duty to consider relevant information and provide it to the parties (Scheme p. 17) 206

    10.7.7 Scope of what the adjudicator can decide (Scheme p. 20(a) and (b)) 207

    10.7.8 Power to award interest (Scheme p. 20(c)) 208

    10.7.9 Power to award damages 209

    10.7.10 Adjudicator’s immunity (Act s. 108(4), Scheme p. 26) 209

    10.7.11 Adjudicator resignation (Scheme p. 9) 210

    10.8 Checklist: Managing the adjudication – the adjudicator 212

    11 The decision 214

    11.1 Overview 214

    11.2 What is the adjudicator required to do? 214

    11.2.1 In a nutshell 214

    11.2.2 Purpose and nature of the decision 215

    11.2.3 Structure, format and content of the decision 216

    11.2.4 Reasons 217

    11.3 On receiving the decision 218

    11.4 Timing 219

    11.4.1 In a nutshell 219

    11.4.2 Act and Scheme (Act s. 108(2)(c) and (d) and Scheme p.19) 219

    11.4.3 Rigidity of the time limit 222

    11.4.4 Decision made and decision communicated 222

    11.4.5 Responding to the adjudicator’s request for an extension 223

    11.5 Effect and compliance 223

    11.5.1 In a nutshell 223

    11.5.2 Temporary finality (Act s. 108(3), Scheme p. 23) 224

    11.5.3 Compliance with the decision (Scheme p. 21) 225

    11.5.4 Delaying compliance by contract 225

    11.5.5 Insurance claims 226

    12 Post decision 227

    12.1 Overview 227

    12.2 Adjudicator’s costs 228

    12.2.1 In a nutshell 228

    12.2.2 2009 Act and 2011 Scheme (2009 Act s. 108A; 2011 Scheme p. 25) 228

    12.2.3 1996 Act and 1998 Scheme (1998 Scheme p. 25) 228

    12.2.4 Liability for fees 229

    12.2.5 Reasonableness of fees and expenses 231

    12.2.6 Lien on the decision 232

    12.2.7 Payment of fees when the decision is in breach of natural justice 232

    12.2.8 Award of adjudicator’s costs 232

    12.2.9 Payment of fees on paying party’s insolvency 233

    12.3 Parties’ costs 233

    12.3.1 In a nutshell 233

    12.3.2 2009 Act (s. 108A) 233

    12.3.3 1996 Act 234

    12.3.4 The Late Payment of Commercial Debt (Interest) Act 1998 235

    12.4 Apportioning costs 237

    12.4.1 In a nutshell 237

    12.4.2 Timing 237

    12.4.3 Assessment 238

    12.5 Correcting errors in the decision 239

    12.5.1 In a nutshell 239

    12.5.2 The 2009 Act and 2011 Scheme (2009 Act s. 108(3)(A); 2011 Scheme p. 22A) 239

    12.5.3 The 1996 Act and 1998 Scheme 240

    12.6 Setting off against the decision 241

    12.6.1 In a nutshell 241

    12.6.2 General rule and exceptions 241

    12.6.3 Contractual right to set off 243

    12.6.4 Later interim or final certificate 244

    12.6.5 Issuing a withholding or pay less notice 244

    12.6.6 Setting off liquidated damages 245

    12.6.7 Set off permitted but not quantified in the decision 246

    12.6.8 Set-off not formulated before the adjudication 247

    12.6.9 Adjudication rules prevent set-off in enforcement proceedings 247

    12.6.10 Multiple adjudications 247

    12.6.11 Litigation on foot 248

    12.6.12 Arbitration award 248

    12.6.13 Other arguments for set-off 248

    13 Enforcement: options and procedure 249

    13.1 Overview 249

    13.2 Key statements of principle and the court’s policy 249

    13.2.1 Principles of enforcement 249

    13.2.2 Enforcement for contractual adjudications 252

    13.3 TCC summary enforcement procedure 252

    13.3.1 In a nutshell 252

    13.3.2 Nature of summary judgment applications in adjudication 253

    13.3.3 Options for commencing the claim 256

    13.3.4 Commencing the claim 256

    13.3.5 Directions 260

    13.3.6 Responding to the claim 260

    13.3.7 Submission of cost budgets 261

    13.3.8 Hearing bundle and skeletons 261

    13.3.9 Extent of the evidence to be submitted 262

    13.3.10 Judgment in default and setting aside 262

    13.3.11 Representation 263

    13.3.12 Timetable to a decision 264

    13.3.13 The decision 264

    13.3.14 The effect of the court’s decision 265

    13.3.15 Setting aside a summary judgment 266

    13.3.16 Costs: basis of assessment 266

    13.3.17 Costs: assessment of the bill of costs 269

    13.3.18 Costs: ATE insurance and conditional fee arrangements 272

    13.3.19 Costs: interest 272

    13.3.20 Costs: settlement reached before summary judgment 273

    13.3.21 Appealing a judgment of the court 273

    13.3.22 Staying enforcement proceedings where there is an arbitration agreement (s. 9 Arbitration Act 1996) 274

    13.4 Other procedures for enforcement 276

    13.4.1 In a nutshell 276

    13.4.2 Pre-emptory order (Scheme p. 23(1) and 24) 276

    13.4.3 Mandatory injunction 277

    13.4.4 Statutory demand 278

    13.4.5 Scotland 280

    13.5 Complying with an order of the court 280

    13.5.1 In a nutshell 280

    13.5.2 Time for payment 280

    13.5.3 Extending the time for payment 281

    13.5.4 Failing to comply 281

    13.6 Checklist: Avoiding the consequences of an adjudicator’s decision 284

    14 Enforcement: insolvency, stay and severability 285

    14.1 Overview 285

    14.2 Insolvency avoids summary judgment 286

    14.2.1 In a nutshell 286

    14.2.2 Liquidation 287

    14.2.3 Administration 287

    14.2.4 Administrative receivership 289

    14.2.5 CVA 289

    14.2.6 Individual insolvency or bankruptcy 290

    14.3 Stay of execution 290

    14.3.1 In a nutshell 290

    14.3.2 Court’s discretion to order a stay of execution 291

    14.3.3 Insolvency proceedings pending or not concluded 293

    14.3.4 Financial difficulty 296

    14.3.5 Imminent resolution of other proceedings 298

    14.3.6 Manifest injustice 299

    14.3.7 Other circumstances in which an application for a stay has failed 299

    14.3.8 Partial stay 300

    14.3.9 Conditions imposed on granting the stay 301

    14.3.10 Severability 301

    15 Final determination 304

    15.1 Overview 304

    15.2 Finalising the adjudicator’s decision 305

    15.2.1 In a nutshell 305

    15.2.2 Adjudicator’s decision made final by contract 305

    15.2.3 Adjudicator’s decision made final by agreement 306

    15.2.4 Adjudicator’s decision made final by the passing of time 306

    15.3 Adjudication and other proceedings 307

    15.3.1 In a nutshell 307

    15.3.2 Final determination at the same time as enforcement proceedings 307

    15.3.3 Final determination at the same time as adjudication 308

    15.3.4 Final determination without complying with the adjudicator’s decision 309

    15.3.5 Final determination in breach of the contractual dispute resolution procedure (including an agreement to adjudicate) 309

    15.4 Commencement, onus of proof and costs 312

    15.4.1 In a nutshell 312

    15.4.2 Cause of action and limitation period for commencing final proceedings 312

    15.4.3 Delaying the final determination 314

    15.4.4 Onus of proof in subsequent proceedings 315

    15.4.5 Final decision different to adjudicator’s decision 315

    15.4.6 Recovery of adjudication costs as part of the costs of a final determination 315

    16 The adjudicator’s jurisdiction 319

    16.1 Overview 319

    16.2 When to think about jurisdiction 319

    16.3 Options when a jurisdictional issue arises 320

    16.3.1 In a nutshell 320

    16.3.2 Option 1: Determination from the court 321

    16.3.3 Option 2: Determination by the adjudicator 324

    16.3.4 Option 3: Determination from another adjudicator 326

    16.3.5 Option 4: Reserve the position and proceed with the adjudication 327

    16.3.6 Option 5:Withdraw 328

    16.3.7 Option 6: Injunction 329

    16.4 Losing the right to challenge the adjudicator’s jurisdiction 331

    16.4.1 In a nutshell 331

    16.4.2 Waiver 332

    16.4.3 No reservation or late reservation 333

    16.4.4 Abandoning the reservation 334

    16.4.5 Initial consent before objection 335

    16.4.6 Approbation and reprobation 335

    16.4.7 Consequence of losing the right: ad hoc jurisdiction 338

    16.5 Threshold jurisdiction challenges 338

    16.5.1 In a nutshell 338

    16.5.2 No contract 339

    16.5.3 Contract is not a construction contract 339

    16.5.4 Construction contract is not in writing 340

    16.5.5 No dispute 340

    16.5.6 More than one dispute 341

    16.5.7 Substantially the same dispute 341

    16.5.8 Dispute not under the contract 342

    16.6 Process jurisdiction challenges 342

    16.6.1 In a nutshell 342

    16.6.2 Incorrect parties named 343

    16.6.3 Adjudicator not correctly appointed 344

    16.6.4 Referral notice served out of time 347

    16.6.5 Arguments outside the scope of the dispute 347

    16.6.6 Defective service 348

    16.6.7 New material during the adjudication 348

    16.6.8 Other procedural improprieties 349

    16.7 Decision based jurisdiction challenges 349

    16.7.1 In a nutshell 349

    16.7.2 Lien over the decision 350

    16.7.3 Failure to reach the decision within the required timescale 350

    16.7.4 Signing the decision 351

    16.7.5 Sufficiency of written reasons 351

    16.7.6 Scope of the decision 353

    16.7.7 Errors 357

    16.7.8 Correcting minor errors in the decision 360

    16.8 Checklist: Jurisdiction – the parties 360

    16.9 Checklist: Jurisdiction – the adjudicator 361

    17 Natural justice 362

    17.1 Overview 362

    17.1.1 What is it? 362

    17.1.2 Materiality 363

    17.2 When to think about natural justice 364

    17.3 Options when a natural justice point arises 364

    17.4 Bias and apparent bias 366

    17.4.1 In a nutshell 366

    17.4.2 Actual bias 367

    17.4.3 Apparent bias 368

    17.4.4 Prior involvement in the project or in a separate dispute 369

    17.4.5 Appointment of the same adjudicator 370

    17.4.6 Communication between the adjudicator and one party: pre-appointment 371

    17.4.7 Communication between the adjudicator and one party: post-appointment 373

    17.4.8 Evidence 373

    17.4.9 Failure to make information available to the parties 375

    17.4.10 Failure to carry out a site visit 375

    17.4.11 Organisation of meetings and hearings 376

    17.4.12 Quasi-mediator 376

    17.4.13 Without prejudice communications 377

    17.4.14 Preliminary view 377

    17.5 Procedural fairness 378

    17.5.1 In a nutshell 378

    17.5.2 Referring party’s conduct pre-adjudication 379

    17.5.3 Abuse of process 380

    17.5.4 Ambush/no opportunity or insufficient opportunity to respond 380

    17.5.5 Christmas claims 382

    17.5.6 Dispute is too large or complex 382

    17.5.7 Failing to address an issue, part of a submission or evidence 384

    17.5.8 Failure to permit a further submission or information 389

    17.5.9 Failure to follow the agreed procedure 390

    17.5.10 Adjudicator’s timetable unfair 391

    17.5.11 Documents received late or not at all 391

    17.5.12 Failure to inform the parties about an approach taken or methodology used 392

    17.5.13 Failure to inform the parties about advice from a third party 395

    17.5.14 Failure to inform the parties about use of own knowledge and expertise 395

    17.5.15 Failure to inform the parties about preliminary view 397

    17.5.16 Sufficiency of reasons 398

    17.6 Checklist: Natural justice – the parties and the adjudicator 399

    18 Further grounds for resisting enforcement 400

    18.1 Overview 400

    18.2 Fraud or deceit 401

    18.3 Duress 402

    18.4 UTCCR 403

    18.5 Human Rights Act 404

    19 Scotland: Tony Jones 406

    19.1 Overview 406

    19.2 Differences between the Scheme and the Scottish Scheme 408

    19.2.1 1998 Scheme and 1998 Scottish Scheme 408

    19.2.2 2011 Scheme and 2011 Scottish Scheme 410

    19.3 Enforcement of an adjudicator’s award 411

    19.3.1 In a nutshell 411

    19.3.2 Enforcement procedure 412

    19.3.3 Counterclaims 414

    19.3.4 The Scottish courts’ approach to jurisdictional challenges 415

    19.3.5 The Scottish courts’ approach to natural justice challenges 416

    19.3.6 Miscellaneous points 417

    19.4 Issues of divergence between England andWales and Scotland 418

    19.4.1 In a nutshell 418

    19.4.2 Failure to comply with subsections 108(1)–(4) of the Act 418

    19.4.3 Adjudicator’s decision out of time 419

    19.4.4 Parties’ costs under the 1996 Act 419

    19.4.5 Insolvency 420

    19.4.6 Approbation and reprobation 422

    19.4.7 The size and nature of the claim 422

    19.4.8 Abuse of process 423

    19.4.9 The adjudicator taking advice from a third party or using his own knowledge 424

    19.4.10 Human Rights Act 425

    20 Northern Ireland: Michael Humphreys QC 427

    20.1 Overview 427

    20.2 Enforcement of adjudicators’ awards 429

    20.2.1 The writ of summons 430

    20.2.2 The application for summary judgment 431

    20.2.3 The hearing of the application 432

    20.2.4 Incidence of costs 433

    20.2.5 Taxation of costs 433

    20.2.6 Enforcement of judgments 434

    20.3 An alternative remedy – declaratory relief 434

    20.4 Judicial consideration 435

    20.4.1 In a nutshell 435

    20.4.2 No construction contract 435

    20.4.3 No dispute 436

    20.4.4 Setting off against an adjudicator’s decision 437

    20.4.5 Financial difficulty of the paying party 437

    20.4.6 Insufficient time to respond 439

    20.4.7 Abuse of process 439

    Part II International

    21 Introduction 443

    22 Australia: PeterWood and Phillip Greenham 446

    22.1 Overview 446

    22.1.1 Initial introduction in NSW 446

    22.1.2 Rollout across the remaining states 447

    22.1.3 East-west coast divide 448

    22.1.4 Consequences of the divide 448

    22.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication 449

    22.2.1 Construction contract 449

    22.2.2 Construction work 450

    22.2.3 Claimable variations and excluded amounts in Victoria 451

    22.2.4 Reference date 451

    22.2.5 Time limits 452

    22.2.6 Who may refer a dispute under a construction contract to adjudication? 453

    22.3 Adjudication process 453

    22.3.1 Appointment of the adjudicator 453

    22.3.2 Conduct of the adjudication 455

    22.4 Determination, effect and costs 456

    22.4.1 Form of the decision 456

    22.4.2 Effect of the decision 456

    22.4.3 Costs 457

    22.5 Enforcement 458

    22.5.1 Process for enforcement 458

    22.5.2 Express rights of appeal 458

    22.5.3 Judicial review of adjudication determinations 459

    23 Ireland: DermotMcEvoy 461

    23.1 Overview 461

    23.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication 462

    23.3 Adjudication process 464

    23.3.1 Notice of adjudication 464

    23.3.2 Appointment of an adjudicator 465

    23.3.3 Powers and duties of an adjudicator 467

    23.4 Determination, effect and costs 469

    23.5 Enforcement 470

    23.6 Conclusion 471

    24 Malaysia: Philip Koh 473

    24.1 Overview 473

    24.2 Requirements for commencing the adjudication process 474

    24.2.1 What contracts are caught by the 2012 Act? 474

    24.2.2 Retrospective effect of the 2012 Act 478

    24.3 Adjudication process 478

    24.3.1 Step 1: Payment claim 479

    24.3.2 Step 2: Initiation of adjudication 479

    24.3.3 Step 3: Appointment 479

    24.3.4 Step 4: Submissions 480

    24.3.5 Step 5:The adjudicator 480

    24.4 Administration of the adjudication 481

    24.5 Determination, effect and costs 482

    24.5.1 Form and timing of the decision 482

    24.5.2 Effect of the decision 482

    24.5.3 Costs 483

    24.6 Enforcement 484

    24.6.1 Suspension or a reduction in the pace of work 484

    24.6.2 Secure direct payment from principal 485

    24.7 Conclusion 485

    25 New Zealand: T´omas Kennedy-Grant QC 487

    25.1 Overview 487

    25.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication 488

    25.3 Adjudication process 490

    25.4 Determination, effect and costs 493

    25.4.1 Rights of a non-respondent owner 496

    25.5 Enforcement 496

    25.5.1 Judicial review 499

    25.6 Proposed amendments 500

    26 Singapore: Steven Cannon 501

    26.1 Overview 501

    26.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication 502

    26.2.1 What contracts are caught by the 2004 Act? 502

    26.2.2 Contracting out, the date of execution of the contract and contracts made in writing 503

    26.3 Payment regime 504

    26.3.1 The right to progress payments 504

    26.3.2 The payment regime 504

    26.3.3 The crystallisation of a dispute and the dispute settlement period 507

    26.4 Adjudication process 508

    26.4.1 The role of the Singapore Mediation Centre 508

    26.4.2 Notice of an intention to adjudicate 508

    26.4.3 The adjudication application 509

    26.4.4 The role of the adjudicator 512

    26.5 Determination, effect and costs 515

    26.5.1 The adjudicator’s determination 515

    26.5.2 The costs of the adjudication 516

    26.5.3 Adjudication review applications 517

    26.5.4 The effect of an adjudicator’s determination 517

    26.6 Enforcement 518

    26.6.1 Enforcement of the adjudicator’s determination 518

    26.6.2 Setting aside the adjudicator’s determination 518

    26.7 Conclusion 520

    Appendices

    Appendix 1 –The 1996 Act as amended 523

    Appendix 2 –The 1998 Scheme as amended 530

    Appendix 3 – Glossary (UK only) 538

    Appendix 4 –Model forms 542

    Appendix 5 – Summary comparison of UK adjudication rules 561

    Appendix 6 – Details of UK adjudicator nominating bodies 570

    Appendix 7 – Comparison of UK and international statutory regimes 578

    Appendix 8 – Case index: by subjectmatter 584

    Appendix 9 – Alphabetical case index 678

    Index 709

  • James Pickavance is a partner in the construction and engineering practice of Eversheds LLP, specialising in dispute resolution. He has experience of all forms of dispute resolution, in particular contractual and statutory adjudication, domestic and international arbitration, expert determination, mediation and litigation, and advises public bodies, governments, international corporations and private clients on domestic and international, single or multi-jurisdictional disputes across a range of industry sectors in over 20 jurisdictions.

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